Neuromodulation for temporal lobe epilepsy: a scoping review

Abstract Temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) is difficult to treat as it often refractory treatment. Apart from traditional medical treatment, surgical resection also a choice of but may be associated with significant cognitive deficits. ‌As result, treatment strategies using targeted and adjustable stimulation malfunctioning brain circuits have been developed. These neuromodulatory therapies approaches electric magnetic neuromodulation are already in clinical use for while others such optogenetics, chemo-genetics ultrasound modulation being tested pre-clinical TLE animal models. In this review, we conducted an in-depth literature search on the clinically available TLE, focusing possible mechanism action outcomes including adverse effects. Techniques that currently explored preclinical models therapeutic applications future discussed. The efficacy subsequent effects vary among different some still unclear mechanisms Further studies evaluating benefits potential limitations needed. Continued research epileptic network critical improving TLE.